![]() ![]() The activation energy of cellulose/Cl/DMSO solution increases with the increase in cellulose concentration. Intrinsic viscosity of the solutions remains constant at temperature below 60 ☌ and decreases linearly with the increase of temperature above 60 ☌. With n in the range of 2.00–1.57 and 4.52–3.79 in semidilute unentangled and semidilute entangled regimes, respectively, in the temperature of 25–100 ☌. ) and cellulose concentration (c) scales as (η The viscosity contributed by cellulose (η The viscosity of cellulose/Cl/DMSO solution agrees well with the complex viscosity suggesting Cox–Merz law is valid for the solution. Rheological properties of cellulose solutions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide (Cl/DMSO, 7/3, w/w) in a wide range of concentration and temperature were investigated. Oxidized sugars with optimum molecular lengths can be used to cross-link other biological proteins as well, replacing the currently used toxic cross-linkers. Stronger wool fibers can not only increase the efficiencies of wool fiber spinning and weaving and reduce yarn and fabric defects but can also allow spinning finer yarns from the same fibers. The cross-linking between the aldehyde groups in OSFS and amine groups in wool fibers was confirmed using ATR-FTIR and from the color change resulting from the Maillard reaction as well as decrease in moisture absorption by the fibers. These significant increases in strength and Young's modulus were a result of having multiple aldehyde groups on each sugar molecule as well as different molecular lengths of sugars, which favored cross-links of multiple lengths within the cortical cell matrix of wool fibers. The oxidized SFS (OSFS) when used to cross-link the amine groups from the wool keratin resulted in 36 and 56% increase in the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the fibers, respectively. Oxidation of SFS using sodium periodate resulted in multiple aldehyde groups, as confirmed by ¹ H NMR and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). Characterization of SFS using ¹³ C NMR revealed the presence of five sugars having different molecular lengths. ![]() In addition, their effectiveness in improving tensile properties has been significantly lower than obtained in this study using modified SFS. Earlier studies of keratin cross-linking involved chemicals such as glyoxal and glutaraldehyde that are toxic to humans. This study presents the preparation and use of a "green" cross-linker derived from a waste soy flour sugar (SFS) mixture to cross-link keratin in wool fibers to increase their tensile properties. Based on this study, ILs and DESs, being recyclable and having tunable properties, could be considered as green and cost-effective alternatives for toxic chemicals used in the upstream oil industry though further studies are still required before deciding their role as alternatives. ILs and DESs have even found applications in CO2 capture and kerogen extractions fields. In drilling operations, ILs and DESs proved to be potent alternatives to surfactants for shale inhibition and mud loss control purposes. Significant wettability alterations from oil- toward water-wetness with DESs have also been reported. In this respect, ultra-low IFT values in the presence of surface-active ILs have been reported by several authors, giving rise to the formation of Winsor III microemulsion that resulted in increased oil recovery. According to the literature, the effectiveness of both fluid types at elevated pressures and temperatures and in high salinity formation brines has been demonstrated. Additionally, the utilization of these green chemicals in drilling and production engineering and flow assurance studies has been discussed. The effective mechanisms and interpretations behind the interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, wettability modification, mobility control enhancements, and other interesting characteristics of the ILs and DESs, as well as the economic analysis of their utilization in field scale, have been discussed to scrutinize the limitations and challenges related to their applications. This review paper provides a state-of-the-art review of existing literature focused on the current applications of these novel chemicals in the oil industry, specifically in upstream oil operations. Unique properties of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have given impetus for widespread application in various fields of science, including the oil industry. ![]()
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